Study material on the Mughal Empire

      Mughal Empire: Study Material

The Great Rural "Babur" was the founder of the  Mughal Empire. He inaugurated the Mughal Empire in 1526 AD, but he died in 1530 AD.  24 February,1483 AD, the Babur was born. Babur had four sons---- Humayun, Kamran, Askari and Hindal. Babur attacked  five time on the India  in his life.
The father's name of Babur was "Umar Sheikh Mirza"  who was the ruler of the state of Farghana.
Babur became the king of Ferghana at 08 june, 1494 AD. Babar was related to TAIMUR. 

There are following Important wars related to Babur:-
1. The First War of Panipat: This battle was done between Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi at 21 April, 1526 AD, In which Babur was win.
2. The Battle of Khanwa:- This battle was between Babur and Rana Sanga at 17 March, 1527 AD. In which Babur was win.
3.The Battle of Chanderi:- This battle was between Medini Rai and Babur at 29 January, 1528 AD. In which Babur was win.
4. The Battle of Ghaghra :- This battle was between Babur and Afghanis at 06 May, 1529 AD. In which the Babur was win.

After the Victory of the battle of Khanwa, Babur take the title of  "Ghazi". Babur was died at 26 December, 1530 AD in Agra. Initially, his body was buried in the "Arambagh of Agra"  after this his body was buried in Kabul. Baburnama Was the autobiography of Babur, which Farsi translator was "Abdul Rahim Khankhana".  Humayun was the Heir of Babur.

Humayun:-

Humayun was the heir of the Babur and he became the king at 29th December, 1529 AD. Humayun inaugurated a new city  namely "Dinpanah" in 1533 AD. The battle of Chausa was between Humayun and sher shah shuri. In which, Sher Shah Shuri was win and he took a epithet of "Sher Shah". The battle of Kannauj (Bilgram) was  also between Humayun and Sher Shah Shuri, in which Sher Shah Shuri was again win and he captured to Delhi and Agra. After the defeat in the battle of Bilgram, Humayun ran away  Sindh for 15 (fifteen Years). During this period, the great Mughal ruler "Akbar" was born. Humayun was get victory over the Shuri Ruler of Punjab "Sikander Shuri" in 1555 AD and became the king again. Humayun was died at 01 January 1556 AD.

Akbar (1556 to 1605)

Akbar was Born in 15 October 1542 AD. His mother name was Hamida Begum. Akbar became the king of Mughal Empire at 14 February 1556 AD.

At the time of Humayun's death, Akbar was participating in the battle against Afghans in Punjab. The coronation of Akbar was done immediately during this was by Bairam Khan after the listening the  information of the death of Humayun. In this War, Afghans captured the Agra - Bayana area with Mughal. Now, Delhi was under Hemu. Hemu was almost win the Second battle of Panipat (1556 AD), but suddenly Hemu was injured with  an arrow and his army flew and thus Akbar was win this battle.

Bairam Khan appointed Abdul Latif as the teacher of Akbar and he went to Akbar's Captured area to project as a advocate himself of Mughal Empire. Alkhah Khal, a relative of Akbar, was very anxious
with the enhancing influence of the Bairam Khan. After this Akbar decided to rule independently at just his Eighteen Year in 1560 AD. Same year, Akbar was sent to Delhi by his step mother Maham Anga.  Akbar decided in Delhi same year, and ordered to Bairam Khan to visit the Makkah for Haj. After this Bairam Khan became rebellion but he failed his motto and finally surrendered himself to Akbar and again Akbar ordered to him to go to Makkah. Bairam Khan was killed by an afghans in Gujarat in 1561 AD during the visit the Makkah.

Akbar wanted to enhance his kingdom as other ruler. He Captured Agra to Gujarat in North India and after this  Bengal and Assam. Akbar invaded Dakkan and win Malva (1561 AD) and Gondwana (1564 AD).  He also win Gujarat in  1572 AD and  built Buland Door in Fatehpur Sikri as a remember of Gujarat Capture. Akbar was also captured Bihar & Bengal (1574-75 AD), Kabul (1581 AD), Kashmir & Baluchistan (1586 AD), Sindh (1591 AD), Orissa (1592 AD) and Khan desh (1595 AD).

Bharmal Kachhwaha, the king of Amber, was done the marriage relationship between his daughter and Akbar. After this phenomena, King Bhagwan Das (Son of Bharmal Kachhwaha) and Maan Singh (nephew of king Bharmal Kachhwaha) were got the higher post in Mughals. After this, All Rajputs ruler had surrendered themselves to Mughals except the ruler of Mewar. However, Mughals had defeated the Maharana Pratap(the ruler of  Mewar) in the battle of Haldighati (1576 AD) in the leadership of Mann Singh.

Akbar was ordered to built the prayer house near the Jama Masjid in Fatehpur Sikri in 1575 AD. Sunny could also participate in this prayer house for religious purpose. Abdul Qadir Badauni  and Abul Fazal were the main spoke persons of this prayer house. Both of them had trained by Sheikh Mubarak (Father of Abul Fazal). Akbar included the all religious group such like Hindu, Sikh etc in prayer house for religious argument especially the victory over the Mewar in the battle of Haldighati.
Akbar was understood that all the religions are also good along with Islam.

Sheikh Mubarak advised to Akbar to take a rule with Ulema during the hard task, in which it was described that the King was able to take all judiciary decision. Finally the document "Majhar" was done in the August 1579 AD about this Purpose. According to B.A. Smith, it was the "Achuk Vidhan" of Mughal Empire. Akbar began a new religion called "Din-e-Elahi" and he was also a member of his religion. The book "Aine-E-Akbari" was related to Akbar and its Writer was Abul Fazal.

Salim , the son of Akbar was born in 1569 with the bless of Sheikh Salim Chishti. The name of Akbar's Son Salim on the name of Sheikh  Salim Chishti,  Salim's mother was a Kachhwaha princess.
When Salim became rebellious in 1601 in allahabad, then Akbar needed the help of Abul Fazal to put down this revolution, but Bundel Leader Bir Singh killed the Abul Fazal in the Gwalior in the direction of Salim. After becoming the king, Jahangir (Salim) faced the more more problem with his son namely Khusro who was born with the sister of Mann Singh. Akbar was also not in favour with Khusro to become the Mughal King but he used Khusro against Salim. All the Conspiracy were automatic finished after the death of Akbar in 1605 AD.

Mansabdari System:-

The Mansabdari System of Mughal was the system in which Army and Civilian administration were One. According to this system, Mansabdari were gave to Bureaucrats and army leader in administration as Higher rank Officer. All the post were included in Mansabdari System in Mughals except Judiciary System.

The record of Solider and Horses were found in Akbar's Period for preventing Corruption. This system was came in to existence in 1574 AD.  Mansabdar System had divide in two cast, first Jat and second Swar. The salary of workers and administrative post were under the jat and number of horses and its salary were done by Swar.Mansabdars were under the Ruler directly. Mansab was not allotted
on the basis of genetic work. it only allotted on the merit of Officer or person.

Administration System:-

The rule of Mughals was just like an old kingdom. The king was all in all. but his motto was the security of his subject. Advocate was the delegate of ruler so  he automatically takes all the power of the ruler. But after Bairam Khan, this post was almost abolished and this post became just like a show post. Diwan-E-Kul was the head of finance sector in Mughal Empire. This post was also functioning the work of Prime Minister (Wajir) in Mughal Empire.Mir Bakshi was the head of Army in Mughal Empire. Sadra-us-Sudur was the head of religious affair in Mughal Empire. Khan-e-Shama was the head of Imperial affair.
Akbar divided in many states of his emperor. There was 15 states of Mughal Emperor at the time of death of Akbar. In shah jahan's period, the total states were 19 and 21 in Aurangzeb's period. Akbar inaugurated the same rule and regulation in his all states. The Governor was known as Subedar in Mughal Emperor and also Called Naim. Governor was just like of delegate of King in his state. His duty was to maintain all rules and regulations of king in his state. In the initial period of Akbar regime, the financial administration was based on almost  Sher Shah Suri Pattern. Land was became the genetical property of land owner in Akbar's Period. Tax was calculated on annually basis in Mughal Empire while the crops was not grown the same in same year. So Akbar wanted to solve this problem and his ordered his related officer that tax will taken on the time of  harvesting.

Experiment of Akbar

There was two experiment for revenue by Akbar in his period.
1.Jabti or Bandobast Rule:- According to this rule, Akbar experimented the Kanab (Bamboo Stick) instead of Rope for the measuring of the land. This rule was came in to the existence in 1575 AD.
2. Dahsala System:- On the basis of Jabti System, Todermal implemented the two new event and these both event was called Dahsala System. This System was came into existence in  1580 AD.

Jahangir (1605-1627 AD)

Salim, the son of Akbar, was taken a title of Jahangir (World Winner) and he started his reign on the characteristic of Akbar. He tried to balance the all religions. He exempt many taxes relating to trade and construction. He closed non-veg on Thursday and Sunday. He tried to enhance of Majolim influence.
Jahangir was married with Mehrunissa (Nurjahan) in 1611 AD. Nurjahan was the widow of Sher Afgan who was killed in the battle with the Governor of Bengal. After marriage, Nurjahan was taken a title of Nurmahal (The light of Castle). For few years ago of the marriage of Nur Jahan, Ulma-E-Daula (father of Nur Jahan)   was selected as Diwan by Jahangir.  Ulma-e-Daula was became Wajir after the marriage of Nur Jahan and Jahangir.Mirza Abul Hasan (Elder brother of Nur Jahan) was taken a title of Asaf Khan by Jahangir and he appointed Khan-e-Shama. Arzu Banu Begum (also called Mumtaz Begum) ( the daughter of Asaf Khan) Was married Khuram (the third son of Jahangir) in 1612 AD.

Jahangir was try to win Amar Singh (the Heir of Maharana Pratap) with both army and diplomacy. After this a new era began between the Mewar and Mughal and both emperor were agreed to an agreement and this agreement was came into the existence in 1615 AD.

Khusro (Jahangir's Son) was became rebellion in 1606 AD but his defeated and put into jail. Guru Arjun Singh (the Fifth Guru of Sikh) were killed about this matter. After this the Eyes of Khusro were put out . Khusro was died in 1621 AD. When Iranise  attacked on Kandahar then Jahangir sent Khuram to face this attack but Khurram was arrived there very late so he could not handle the situation. Now Jahangir sent the Shehryaar (a son of Jahangir) to Kandahar to handle the situation but Khurram was very angry and became rebellion and  march to Agra and stated Civil War. Asaf Khan helped to Khurram in this Civil War (1622-24 AD) and finally Khurram surrendered and Jahangir was pardon him. Jahangir was died at Bhimber (Kashmir) in 1627 AD.

Shahjahan (1627-1658 AD)

Khurram was the heir of Jahangir after his death. Khurram was taken a tile of Shahjahan himself. The Kingdom enhance  policy of Shahjahan was success in Dakkan area. There are some maratha in Shah Jahan's army. Shahaji Bhonsle was the main maratha army in Shah jahan's camp. Shahjahan built the  Taj Mahal of Agra in 1652 AD.  Shahjahan was got illness in 1657 AD and his child started civil war  for the heir of Shahjahan. Shahjahan had four sons- Dara Shikoh(Yuvraj), Shuja (Governor of Bengal), Aurangzeb (Governor of Deccan) and Murad Baksh (Governor of Malwa and Gujarat).
Shahjahan was died in 1666 AD.

Aurangzeb ( 1658 to 1707 AD)

Aurangzeb became the emperor after the Shah Jahan in 1658 AD while Shahjahan was died in 1666 AD. Aurangzeb was changed his some administration system. He appointed Mansabdar for the scrutiny for the habit of subject esp. for  preventing  Drugs. Aurangzeb removed all law for Shiya.
Aurangzeb gave order to destroy the Hindu temple in 1699 AD. He also closed the Irani festival "Navroz". Aurangzeb was taken the custom duty of all imports of 2.5 % for Muslims and 5% for Hindu and after two years, custom duty was removed for Muslims. Aurangzeb ordered to destroy all Hindu Education Centre in 1669 AD and result was the Vishwanath Temple of Varanasy and Keshav rai Mandir of Mathur were totally destroyed. Jajia tax were also implemented in 1679 AD.

The Satnami Revolution (1672) was held in the period of Aurangzeb. He was win Bijapur in 1686 and abolished  Adil Shah Dynasty. Aurangzeb was died in 1707 AD and Mughal Empire was almost lout.


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